绍兴黄酒陶坛氧传递速率研究

传统绍兴黄酒贮存于陶坛,因陶坛透气,进入陶坛的氧气可促进黄酒成熟,并影响黄酒的颜色、风味和稳定性。为研究黄酒贮存过程中陶坛的氧传递速率,以Fe~(2+)溶液为还原剂,绍兴黄酒密封于陶坛贮存30d后,进入陶坛的O_2会将Fe~(2+)氧化为Fe~(3+),采用硫氰酸钾比色法测定Fe~(3+)质量浓度,可估算出贮存期进入陶坛的氧气量及氧传递速率。结果表明,传统陶坛的日均氧传递速率(OTR)为0.106mg/L,为设计带有微氧化装置的黄酒专用大型不锈钢贮酒罐提供理论依据。     

秦汉墓葬中随葬陶仓、困现象浅析

秦汉墓葬中,经常发现有陶仓、陶困等储粮模型明器的随葬。据目前所知最早的陶困出现于春秋晚期的秦国墓地中,并于西汉中后期开始在中原乃至全国范围内盛行开来;而陶仓最早出现于西汉早期的关中汉墓中,在东汉时开始骤然增多,并盛行全国。陶团最先出现在春秋晚期的秦墓,与秦国的农业发展和秦人的价值观及丧葬习俗分不开,而陶困和陶仓的流行时间的不同与它们不同的文化内涵有很大关系。     

Validation of the Rostock fermentation test as an in vitro method to estimate ensilability of forages using glass jar model silages as a basis for comparison

This study compared the predictive power of an in vitro fermentation test [Rostock fermentation test (RFT)] with common glass jar silages (GLASS) using maize, fresh and wilted perennial ryegrass and fresh and wilted lucerne. Treatments were made in quadruplicate and included a control variant without additives, sucrose (20 g kg^?1), a homolactic inoculant (Lactobacillus plantarum, 3 × 10⁵ cfu g^?1), a heterolactic inoculant (Lactobacillus buchneri, 1 × 10⁵ cfu g^?1) and combinations of each inoculant with sucrose. The pH was measured in GLASS at days 1·5, 3, 10 and 90, and in RFT at 14, 18, 22, 26, 38 and 46 h, whereas fermentation products were determined at days 3 and 90 in GLASS, and at 46 h in RFT. Linear regressions revealed the closest relation for pH between 10‐d silages of GLASS and 38‐h measurement of RFT (adjusted R² = 0·808) and coefficients of determination for fermentation products were always higher when 3‐d instead of 90‐d silages were compared with 46‐h measurement of RFT. A pH increase in GLASS as indicator of insufficient anaerobic stability was not reproduced by RFT, suggesting that the in vitro test reflects the initial phase of fermentation, which was also indicated by the absence of 1,2‐propanediol in RFT.     

Scent profiling of Cymbidium ensifolium by electronic nose

The performance of electronic nose (E-nose) for Chinese Cymbidium scent profiling has been evaluated. Changes in scent profiles of two Cymbidium ensifolium cultivars have been monitored at different flowering stages (initial flowering, full flowering, and terminal flowering) and different times combined with two gas collecting devices. Samples were collected by static headspace (SHS) method. How E-nose can be used for pattern recognition and for studying the releasing of flower scent were proposed. Data obtained were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant function analysis (DFA). PCA was performed on the initially instrumental data to explore the structure of each data set and such result showed that the sensory data contained information related to the cultivar and to time spots. DFA was performed to improve the results, leading to clear separations between the sample groups. Gas collecting device did not seriously affect the result of PCA and DFA. Relative aroma intensity (RAI) was proposed as an alternative concept to compare scent intensity between samples on different time points. These results demonstrate the potential application of the E-nose to evaluate the scent profile of flower.     

生物陶瓷火罐结合刺络放血疗法治疗背肌筋膜炎的疗效观察

目的 观察生物陶瓷火罐结合刺络放血疗法治疗背肌筋膜炎患者临床疗效。方法 将62例确诊为背肌筋膜炎门诊患者随机分为2组,每组31人,一组选取阿是穴2处刺络放血、痛点肌肉起止点及膀胱经吸拔生物陶瓷火罐共10枚,留置10 min,隔天1次,共15次,30 d;另一组予口服非甾体抗炎药塞来昔布200 mg,日1次,共30 d。结果 疗程结束后及3月后随访两组患者VAS评分较治疗前显著降低（P<0.05）,治疗组疗效优于对照组（P<0.05）。两组患者治疗前后Batthel指数及SF-36、PCS及MCS评分之间均无显著性差异（P>0.05）,但数值有上升趋势。两组总有效率相当（P>0.05）,但治疗组缓解率高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 生物陶瓷火罐结合刺络放血可有效改善背肌筋膜炎症状,减少复发率,有一定的临床应用价值。     

Pottery manufacture in early Roman Galilee: a micromorphological study

The characteristics of, and the sources of the soil materials for, pottery groups manufactured in three ancient settlements of early Roman (late first century BC–first century AD) Galilee were studied by micromorphological techniques. The site-specific manufacturing proveniences of the three respective pottery groups have been previously demonstrated by chemical analysis. One of the sites, Kefar Hananya, is located near the geographical boundary between the Upper and Lower Galilee while the other two, Shikhin and Yodefat, are in the Lower Galilee. Each of the settlements made pottery from different soil types. In one case (Yodefat) temper was added to the main soil material. The Kefar Hananya pottery was made from noncalcareous Red Mediterranean soils (Terra-Rossa soil type) derived from hard limestone. Although most of the soils in the Galilee derive from Upper Cretaceous geological formations, the Kefar Hananya pottery was prepared from soils, found near that settlement, that were derived from Lower Cretaceous material rich in the kaolinite clay mineral. Micromorphological analysis of 41 randomly selected samples of the most common early Roman storage jar type thought to have been produced at Shikhin showed that all of the vessels were made from one of three soil types, Colluvial–Alluvial soils, Brown Grumusols, or Pale Rendzina. Study of the lithology and soils in the area of Shikhin showed that all three soil types derive from soil material eroded from the hilly area, on which the ancient settlement of Shikhin was built, into the adjacent valleys below the site. Samples of the Shikhin pottery group collected on the surface, in contrast with excavated samples, exhibit postdepositional carbonate infilling by dissolution and reprecipitation of the carbonates due to repeated exposure to water. No added temper was used for the preparation of either the Kefar Hananya or the Shikhin pottery groups. The Yodefat pottery, made from Rendzinic material rich in calcareous material, is of particular interest. This soil material contains about 70–80% calcareous material homogeneously mixed with the clayey plasma. In order to diminish the effect of the large amount of calcareous material and improve the properties of this raw material for pottery manufacture, leached clayey soil material of Terra-Rossa soil type was added as temper. The micromorphological comparison of the pottery groups and soil materials shows that two main factors influenced the raw-material procurement strategies of the potters of these settlements: the proximity of the soil material to the potters' settlement, and the suitability of the soil material for pottery manufacture.     

烹饪方式对安岳坛子肉风味的影响

为了解四川安岳坛子肉的特征风味及烹饪方式对其特征风味的影响,采用电子鼻、电子舌及气质联用仪研究不同烹饪方式(蒸制和烤制)对坛子肉风味物质组成及其含量的影响。结果表明,烤制坛子肉与生制坛子肉、蒸制坛子肉与生制坛子肉、烤制坛子肉与蒸制坛子肉的判别因子分析聚类差异极显著(P <0.01)。2种烹饪方式得到的熟制坛子肉的风味化合物主要包括醇类、醛类、酯类、酮类、醚类、含硫化合物和杂环化合物七大类。烤制形成的风味物质种类高达101种,常温蒸制61种,此外,异戊醇、乙醛、丁酸丁酯、乙酸乙酯、正己酸乙酯、吡啶、呋喃和丙酮构成蒸制坛子肉的特征风味,己醛、丁酸丁酯、正己酸乙酯和4-羟基-4-甲基-2-戊酮构成烤制坛子肉的特征风味。本研究结果为坛子肉即食食品的精深加工提供了理论依据。     

Genetic variability in symbiotic nitrogen fixation between provenances ofAcacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Del.

Summary Differences in nitrogen fixing abilities of 18 provenances (16 from India, 2 from Israel) ofAcacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Del. were assessed in sterilized sand in chillum jars and unsterilized field soil in earthen pots, at Hisar (29°10′N lat., 75°46′E long., 215 m alt.), India. There were significant differences in growth and amount of nitrogen fixed and stored in plants (P < 0.01) between provenances. The values ranged from 10 to 34 mg N/plant in sterilized sand, and 11 to 44 mg N/plant in unsterilized soil. Maximum nodulation and nitrogen fixation occurred in Sirsa provenance followed by Pali, Coimbatore and Chandigarh provenances. Medinipur, Hisar (local provenance) and two exotics fixed significantly (P < 0.01) lower amounts of nitrogen. These differences attributed to genetic variability among provenances ofAcacia nilotica. There were strong and positive correlations between number and mass of nodules with total nitrogen fixed in the plants. The results are important from the point of view of exploiting the genetical variability inA. nilotica in amelioration of wastelands.     

谈高层建筑消防给水系统的气压增压问题

本文通过对高层建筑消防给水系统中，增压的气压罐设置位置和是否需要设置高位消防水箱等问题的分析，探讨了消防设计中的一些实际问题。     

Improving the Accuracy of Diffusion for Inorganic 15N Analyses of Soil Extracts and Water

Sequential diffusion techniques used to speciate inorganic nitrogen-15 (¹⁵N) during soil or water analysis are complicated by incomplete recovery of ammonium (NH₄⁺)-N, introducing error in the subsequent determination of nitrate (NO₃^–)-N. Based on studies to evaluate different strategies for minimizing cross-contamination error in Mason-jar diffusions, a simple cleaning technique was developed that involves an additional 6-h diffusion using 0.6 M boric acid (H₃BO₃) at room temperature following the recovery of NH₄⁺-N. This technique was 60–87% effective for reducing cross-contamination of unlabeled NO₃^–-N by labeled NH₄⁺-N and became more effective for controlling analytical error with decreasing sample volumes, lower NH₄⁺-N enrichment, and larger quantities of NO₃^–-N. When used with the cleaning technique described, sequential diffusions were far superior for ¹⁵N analysis of NO₃^–-N, as compared to the nonsequential approach that involves an isotope dilution calculation after separate diffusions to determine NH₄⁺-N and total mineral N.